Grammar
46 lessonsGrammar is the largest track on the site, and it is the one that decides your ceiling. Vocabulary lets you be understood; grammar is what a TEF or TCF examiner is actually scoring when they judge whether you produced a correct sentence rather than a recognisable one.
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The A1 and A2 pathways sequence lessons across every track, including this one, alongside the drills that match them.
The noun phrase
5 lessonsGender, articles, adjective agreement, demonstratives and possessives — the things Punjabi has no equivalent for and English only half does, which is why they are the most common source of marks lost.
French Articles: le, la, les, un, une, des Explained
A complete beginner's guide to French articles for Punjabi speakers: definite (le/la/les), indefinite (un/une/des), partitive (du/de la/des), contractions (au/aux/du), and the negation trap — with clear examples.
French Adjectives: Masculine, Feminine, and Plural Agreement
Learn how French adjectives change for gender and number — regular -e/-s patterns, -ien/-ienne, -eux/-euse, doubled consonants, and irregular beau/nouveau/vieux — with Punjabi explanations and a full reference table.
French Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives: ce, cette, mon, ma Explained
A beginner's guide to French demonstrative adjectives (ce/cette/ces/cet) and possessive adjectives (mon/ma/mes...) for Punjabi speakers, with the agreement rules and clear examples.
French Article or No Article? The Complete Rules
The confusion that survives after le/la/les feel automatic: when French drops the article completely (être + profession, avoir faim, sans problème) and when it adds one English and Punjabi leave out (j'aime le café, je me lave les mains) — with a practice drill.
French Comparative and Superlative: Plus, Moins, Aussi... Que
Learn how to compare things in French with plus/moins/aussi... que, and how to say 'the most/least' with le/la/les plus. Covers regular adjectives and the irregular bon/bien/mauvais forms.
The verb system
15 lessonsThe present tense of the three regular families, the modals, then passé composé, imparfait and the two futures — in that order, because each one leans on the last.
Être and Avoir Present Tense for Punjabi Speakers
Learn the two most important French verbs, être and avoir, in the present tense with Punjabi explanations, examples, and TEF/TCF practice.
Present Tense -ER Verbs: The Foundation of French Grammar
Master regular -ER verb conjugation in French. Complete guide for A1 learners with conjugation tables, worked examples, and Punjabi explanations of why verb forms matter.
Present Tense -IR Verbs: Finir, Choisir, Réussir and the Second Verb Family
Master regular -IR verb conjugation in French (finir, choisir, réussir, grandir). Complete A1 guide with conjugation tables, the -iss- pattern, worked examples and Punjabi explanations.
Present Tense -RE Verbs: Vendre, Attendre, Répondre and the Third Verb Family
Master regular -RE verb conjugation in French (vendre, attendre, répondre, perdre). Complete A1 guide with conjugation tables, the silent-consonant pattern, worked examples and Punjabi explanations.
Aller, Faire, Venir: The Three Most Common Irregular Verbs
Learn the present-tense conjugation of aller (to go), faire (to do/make) and venir (to come) — three irregular French verbs used in almost every A1 conversation, with tables and examples.
Vouloir, Pouvoir, Devoir: The Three Modal Verbs for Polite Requests
Learn the present-tense conjugation of vouloir (to want), pouvoir (to be able to) and devoir (to have to), plus the polite 'je voudrais' form — essential for A2 requests, permission and obligation.
French Imperative Mood: Giving Commands and Instructions
Learn the French imperative (command form) for tu, nous and vous — how to form it from the present tense, the three exceptions, and how it changes with pronominal verbs and negation.
French Pronominal (Reflexive) Verbs — se laver, se lever, s'appeler
Learn French pronominal (reflexive) verbs — present-tense conjugation with me/te/se, elision, and the passé composé agreement rule a direct object blocks, with Punjabi explanations for TEF/TCF Canada.
Passé Composé Basics for Punjabi Speakers
Learn the basics of French passé composé with avoir, être, past participles, examples, and Punjabi explanations for TEF and TCF Canada.
Imparfait vs Passé Composé: Choosing the Right Past Tense
Learn when to use imparfait vs passé composé in French — habitual actions, background description, and the interrupted-action pattern, with Punjabi explanations for TEF/TCF Canada.
Futur Proche: aller + infinitive
Learn the French near future tense, aller + infinitive, with Punjabi explanations, examples, and TEF/TCF speaking practice.
Futur Simple: Formation and Use in French
Master the French futur simple: regular -ER/-IR/-RE conjugation, irregular stems (aller, faire, pouvoir, vouloir, devoir, voir), and when to use it instead of futur proche.
Plus-que-parfait: The Past Perfect and 'If Only' Statements
Master the French plus-que-parfait: imparfait of avoir/être + past participle. Learn when to use it in narratives and counterfactual si-clauses (si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passé).
Subjonctif Présent: Wishes, Doubts, Emotion, and Necessity
Master the French subjonctif présent: form from nous present tense, learn the trigger verbs and phrases (il faut que, vouloir que, avoir peur que, bien que, pour que, avant que), and understand when to use it.
Conditionnel: Polite Requests, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals
Master the French conditionnel présent and passé: use futur simple stems + different endings for polite requests, hypothetical situations, and 'if only' statements. Learn the si-clause sequences.
The joins
25 lessonsNegation, question formation, object and relative pronouns, and the 18 preposition families that decide which of them you need. This is where B1 writing is won or lost.
French Negation: ne...pas for Punjabi Speakers
Learn how to make French sentences negative with ne...pas, n' before vowels, de after negatives, and oui/non/si with Punjabi explanations.
French Question Formation: Est-ce que, Inversion and Interrogative Words
Learn the three ways to ask a question in French — intonation, est-ce que, and inversion — plus the core interrogative words (qui, que, où, quand, comment, pourquoi, combien) with A1/A2 examples.
French Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns (COD/COI)
Master French object pronouns: le/la/les vs lui/leur, me/te/nous/vous, where they go before the verb, in the imperative (donne-le-moi), two pronouns together, and past-participle agreement.
French Object Pronouns: Le/La/Les, Lui/Leur, and Y/En
Learn direct object pronouns (le, la, les), indirect object pronouns (lui, leur, me, te, nous, vous) and the pronouns y and en — how to replace a noun, where the pronoun goes, and how to combine them.
French Pronouns Y and En: When to Use Each
Master the two French adverbial pronouns y and en: y replaces à + a place or thing, en replaces de + noun or a quantity. The à-vs-de test, placement, and the order y before en.
French Relative Pronouns: qui, que, où, dont & lequel
Master French relative pronouns: qui (subject), que (object), où (place/time), dont (de + …), lequel after prepositions, and ce qui / ce que / ce dont — with the qui-vs-que test.
Logical Connectors: car, parce que, donc, mais & More
Master French logical connectors (connecteurs logiques): cause (car, parce que, puisque), consequence (donc, alors), contrast (mais, pourtant), and sequence (d'abord, ensuite, enfin). Teach the exact differences and when each is right.
French Preposition à: au, à la, à l', aux Explained
Every use of the French preposition à for Punjabi speakers: contractions au/aux, places, times, means of transport, verbs that take à, and the traps like jouer à vs jouer de.
French Preposition de: du, de la, de l', des Explained
Every use of the French preposition de for Punjabi speakers: contractions du/des, possession, origin, quantity, the partitive, verbs that take de, and why 'pas de' loses its article.
French Preposition en: Countries, Months, Transport, Materials
Every use of the French preposition en for Punjabi speakers: feminine countries, months and seasons, transport, materials, languages, and the en/dans time difference that changes the meaning.
French Preposition dans: Inside, Into and Time Ahead
Every use of the French preposition dans for Punjabi speakers: physical containment, streets and newspapers, dans vs en for transport, and the dans/en time split that changes what a sentence means.
French Preposition sur: On, About, Out Of
Every use of the French preposition sur for Punjabi speakers: surfaces, topics, proportions like 3 sur 10, donner sur, and the sur/dans traps that come from translating English 'on' directly.
French Preposition sous: Under, Beneath and Figurative Uses
Every use of the French preposition sous for Punjabi speakers: physically under, sous la pluie, sous pression, sous peu, and the difference between sous and dessous.
French Preposition avec: With, Manner and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition avec for Punjabi speakers: with a person, with a tool, avec plaisir, and the fixed expressions built on avec.
French Preposition sans: Without, Absence and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition sans for Punjabi speakers: absence, sans + infinitive, and the fixed expressions sans doute, sans cesse, sans abri.
French Preposition pour: For, Purpose, Destination and Duration
Every use of the French preposition pour for Punjabi speakers: recipient, destination, planned duration, purpose with the infinitive, opinion and price.
French Preposition par: By, Through, Per and the Passive Agent
Every use of the French preposition par for Punjabi speakers: the passive agent, means of sending something, physical movement through, rate and fixed expressions.
French Preposition chez: At Someone's Place, Practice or Culture
Every use of the French preposition chez for Punjabi speakers: at someone's home, at a professional's office, at a company, and chez as a cultural idiom.
French Preposition avant: Before, in Time and Order
Every use of the French preposition avant for Punjabi speakers: before a point in time, avant de + infinitive, and the fixed expression avant tout.
French Preposition après: After, the Past Infinitive and d'après
Every use of the French preposition après for Punjabi speakers: after a point in time, après avoir/être + participle, and the idiom d'après meaning according to.
French Preposition pendant: During, For a Duration and pendant que
Every use of the French preposition pendant for Punjabi speakers: the length of time an action lasted, and pendant que introducing a clause meaning while.
French Preposition depuis: Since, For an Ongoing Duration
Every use of the French preposition depuis for Punjabi speakers: a starting point, an ongoing duration with the present tense, and depuis que introducing a clause.
French Preposition entre: Between, Among and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition entre for Punjabi speakers: between two places, times or people, and the fixed expressions entre nous, entre autres, entre midi et deux.
French Preposition devant: In Front Of, Facing
Every use of the French preposition devant for Punjabi speakers: physically in front of something, and the figurative sense of facing a situation.
French Preposition derrière: Behind, Left Behind
Every use of the French preposition derrière for Punjabi speakers: physically behind something, and the figurative sense of leaving something behind.
Other grammar lessons
1 lessonA1
18 lessonsAller, Faire, Venir: The Three Most Common Irregular Verbs
Learn the present-tense conjugation of aller (to go), faire (to do/make) and venir (to come) — three irregular French verbs used in almost every A1 conversation, with tables and examples.
Être and Avoir Present Tense for Punjabi Speakers
Learn the two most important French verbs, être and avoir, in the present tense with Punjabi explanations, examples, and TEF/TCF practice.
French Adjectives: Masculine, Feminine, and Plural Agreement
Learn how French adjectives change for gender and number — regular -e/-s patterns, -ien/-ienne, -eux/-euse, doubled consonants, and irregular beau/nouveau/vieux — with Punjabi explanations and a full reference table.
French Articles: le, la, les, un, une, des Explained
A complete beginner's guide to French articles for Punjabi speakers: definite (le/la/les), indefinite (un/une/des), partitive (du/de la/des), contractions (au/aux/du), and the negation trap — with clear examples.
French Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives: ce, cette, mon, ma Explained
A beginner's guide to French demonstrative adjectives (ce/cette/ces/cet) and possessive adjectives (mon/ma/mes...) for Punjabi speakers, with the agreement rules and clear examples.
French Imperative Mood: Giving Commands and Instructions
Learn the French imperative (command form) for tu, nous and vous — how to form it from the present tense, the three exceptions, and how it changes with pronominal verbs and negation.
French Negation: ne...pas for Punjabi Speakers
Learn how to make French sentences negative with ne...pas, n' before vowels, de after negatives, and oui/non/si with Punjabi explanations.
French Preposition à: au, à la, à l', aux Explained
Every use of the French preposition à for Punjabi speakers: contractions au/aux, places, times, means of transport, verbs that take à, and the traps like jouer à vs jouer de.
French Preposition avec: With, Manner and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition avec for Punjabi speakers: with a person, with a tool, avec plaisir, and the fixed expressions built on avec.
French Preposition chez: At Someone's Place, Practice or Culture
Every use of the French preposition chez for Punjabi speakers: at someone's home, at a professional's office, at a company, and chez as a cultural idiom.
French Preposition de: du, de la, de l', des Explained
Every use of the French preposition de for Punjabi speakers: contractions du/des, possession, origin, quantity, the partitive, verbs that take de, and why 'pas de' loses its article.
French Preposition derrière: Behind, Left Behind
Every use of the French preposition derrière for Punjabi speakers: physically behind something, and the figurative sense of leaving something behind.
French Preposition devant: In Front Of, Facing
Every use of the French preposition devant for Punjabi speakers: physically in front of something, and the figurative sense of facing a situation.
French Preposition pour: For, Purpose, Destination and Duration
Every use of the French preposition pour for Punjabi speakers: recipient, destination, planned duration, purpose with the infinitive, opinion and price.
French Question Formation: Est-ce que, Inversion and Interrogative Words
Learn the three ways to ask a question in French — intonation, est-ce que, and inversion — plus the core interrogative words (qui, que, où, quand, comment, pourquoi, combien) with A1/A2 examples.
Present Tense -ER Verbs: The Foundation of French Grammar
Master regular -ER verb conjugation in French. Complete guide for A1 learners with conjugation tables, worked examples, and Punjabi explanations of why verb forms matter.
Present Tense -IR Verbs: Finir, Choisir, Réussir and the Second Verb Family
Master regular -IR verb conjugation in French (finir, choisir, réussir, grandir). Complete A1 guide with conjugation tables, the -iss- pattern, worked examples and Punjabi explanations.
Present Tense -RE Verbs: Vendre, Attendre, Répondre and the Third Verb Family
Master regular -RE verb conjugation in French (vendre, attendre, répondre, perdre). Complete A1 guide with conjugation tables, the silent-consonant pattern, worked examples and Punjabi explanations.
A2
21 lessonsDR & MRS VANDERTRAMP: The 16 Être Verbs for Punjabi Speakers
DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP mnemonic ਨਾਲ passé composé ਵਿੱਚ être ਲੈਣ ਵਾਲੇ 16 verbs ਯਾਦ ਕਰੋ — ਹਰ verb, past participle, ਤੇ agreement ਉਦਾਹਰਣ ਸਮੇਤ, TEF/TCF Canada ਲਈ।
French Article or No Article? The Complete Rules
The confusion that survives after le/la/les feel automatic: when French drops the article completely (être + profession, avoir faim, sans problème) and when it adds one English and Punjabi leave out (j'aime le café, je me lave les mains) — with a practice drill.
French Comparative and Superlative: Plus, Moins, Aussi... Que
Learn how to compare things in French with plus/moins/aussi... que, and how to say 'the most/least' with le/la/les plus. Covers regular adjectives and the irregular bon/bien/mauvais forms.
French Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns (COD/COI)
Master French object pronouns: le/la/les vs lui/leur, me/te/nous/vous, where they go before the verb, in the imperative (donne-le-moi), two pronouns together, and past-participle agreement.
Futur Simple: Formation and Use in French
Master the French futur simple: regular -ER/-IR/-RE conjugation, irregular stems (aller, faire, pouvoir, vouloir, devoir, voir), and when to use it instead of futur proche.
French Object Pronouns: Le/La/Les, Lui/Leur, and Y/En
Learn direct object pronouns (le, la, les), indirect object pronouns (lui, leur, me, te, nous, vous) and the pronouns y and en — how to replace a noun, where the pronoun goes, and how to combine them.
French Preposition après: After, the Past Infinitive and d'après
Every use of the French preposition après for Punjabi speakers: after a point in time, après avoir/être + participle, and the idiom d'après meaning according to.
French Preposition avant: Before, in Time and Order
Every use of the French preposition avant for Punjabi speakers: before a point in time, avant de + infinitive, and the fixed expression avant tout.
French Preposition dans: Inside, Into and Time Ahead
Every use of the French preposition dans for Punjabi speakers: physical containment, streets and newspapers, dans vs en for transport, and the dans/en time split that changes what a sentence means.
French Preposition en: Countries, Months, Transport, Materials
Every use of the French preposition en for Punjabi speakers: feminine countries, months and seasons, transport, materials, languages, and the en/dans time difference that changes the meaning.
French Preposition entre: Between, Among and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition entre for Punjabi speakers: between two places, times or people, and the fixed expressions entre nous, entre autres, entre midi et deux.
French Preposition par: By, Through, Per and the Passive Agent
Every use of the French preposition par for Punjabi speakers: the passive agent, means of sending something, physical movement through, rate and fixed expressions.
French Preposition pendant: During, For a Duration and pendant que
Every use of the French preposition pendant for Punjabi speakers: the length of time an action lasted, and pendant que introducing a clause meaning while.
French Preposition sans: Without, Absence and Fixed Expressions
Every use of the French preposition sans for Punjabi speakers: absence, sans + infinitive, and the fixed expressions sans doute, sans cesse, sans abri.
French Preposition sous: Under, Beneath and Figurative Uses
Every use of the French preposition sous for Punjabi speakers: physically under, sous la pluie, sous pression, sous peu, and the difference between sous and dessous.
French Preposition sur: On, About, Out Of
Every use of the French preposition sur for Punjabi speakers: surfaces, topics, proportions like 3 sur 10, donner sur, and the sur/dans traps that come from translating English 'on' directly.
French Pronouns Y and En: When to Use Each
Master the two French adverbial pronouns y and en: y replaces à + a place or thing, en replaces de + noun or a quantity. The à-vs-de test, placement, and the order y before en.
Futur Proche: aller + infinitive
Learn the French near future tense, aller + infinitive, with Punjabi explanations, examples, and TEF/TCF speaking practice.
Passé Composé Basics for Punjabi Speakers
Learn the basics of French passé composé with avoir, être, past participles, examples, and Punjabi explanations for TEF and TCF Canada.
French Pronominal (Reflexive) Verbs — se laver, se lever, s'appeler
Learn French pronominal (reflexive) verbs — present-tense conjugation with me/te/se, elision, and the passé composé agreement rule a direct object blocks, with Punjabi explanations for TEF/TCF Canada.
Vouloir, Pouvoir, Devoir: The Three Modal Verbs for Polite Requests
Learn the present-tense conjugation of vouloir (to want), pouvoir (to be able to) and devoir (to have to), plus the polite 'je voudrais' form — essential for A2 requests, permission and obligation.
B1
7 lessonsConditionnel: Polite Requests, Hypotheticals, and Counterfactuals
Master the French conditionnel présent and passé: use futur simple stems + different endings for polite requests, hypothetical situations, and 'if only' statements. Learn the si-clause sequences.
Logical Connectors: car, parce que, donc, mais & More
Master French logical connectors (connecteurs logiques): cause (car, parce que, puisque), consequence (donc, alors), contrast (mais, pourtant), and sequence (d'abord, ensuite, enfin). Teach the exact differences and when each is right.
Plus-que-parfait: The Past Perfect and 'If Only' Statements
Master the French plus-que-parfait: imparfait of avoir/être + past participle. Learn when to use it in narratives and counterfactual si-clauses (si + plus-que-parfait → conditionnel passé).
French Preposition depuis: Since, For an Ongoing Duration
Every use of the French preposition depuis for Punjabi speakers: a starting point, an ongoing duration with the present tense, and depuis que introducing a clause.
French Relative Pronouns: qui, que, où, dont & lequel
Master French relative pronouns: qui (subject), que (object), où (place/time), dont (de + …), lequel after prepositions, and ce qui / ce que / ce dont — with the qui-vs-que test.
Subjonctif Présent: Wishes, Doubts, Emotion, and Necessity
Master the French subjonctif présent: form from nous present tense, learn the trigger verbs and phrases (il faut que, vouloir que, avoir peur que, bien que, pour que, avant que), and understand when to use it.
Imparfait vs Passé Composé: Choosing the Right Past Tense
Learn when to use imparfait vs passé composé in French — habitual actions, background description, and the interrupted-action pattern, with Punjabi explanations for TEF/TCF Canada.
The A1 and A2 pathways put lessons like these in teaching order alongside the vocabulary and drills you need to use them — and remember where you stopped.